Quick Recap — Functions in Depth

  • Domain rules: even roots need ≥0\ge0; logs need >0>0; denominators ≠0\ne0.
  • Range via completing the square, or writing y=f(x)y=f(x) and demanding real xx (discriminant).
  • Composition & inverse: (f∘g)(f\circ g), f−1f^{-1} exists for bijections; (f−1)−1=f(f^{-1})^{-1}=f.
  • Periodic functions: sin⁡,cos⁡\sin,\cos period 2π2\pi; tan⁡\tan period π\pi; ∣sin⁡x∣|{\sin x}| period π\pi.