Quick Revision
| Key term | What it means in the essay |
|---|---|
| Chipko | nonviolent movement of Garhwal women who hugged trees to stop logging (1970s) |
| Adwani, 1977 | Bachni Devi opposes her husband; lanterns in daylight; "We have come to teach you forestry" |
| Navdanya | movement (1987) and farm (1994, Doon Valley) for biodiversity and organic farming |
| Earth Democracy | freedom of all species to evolve; shift from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism |
| Eco-apartheid | illusion that humans are separate from nature |
| Terra Nullius / Terra Madre | empty land for occupation / Mother Earth |
| Tapovan | Tagore's essay: Indian civilization renewed from the forest |
Numbers to remember: 630 rice and 150 wheat varieties on the farm; 100+ seed banks; 3,000+ rice varieties saved; UN conference April 2011; Shantiniketan a university in 1921.
People to remember: Bachni Devi (Chipko), Cormac Cullinan (apartheid = separateness), Francis Bacon (conquer nature), Carolyn Merchant (nature as mother), Rabindranath Tagore (forest culture).
[Exam Tip] — The 2025 paper asked two questions from this essay (2 marks and 3 marks). The Chipko passage has also been used for the linkers question: "Logging had led to landslides and floods, and scarcity of water… Since women provide these basic needs…"