Medium Practice — Set 1

Quick Recap — Distinguishing Tests & Diazonium Reactions

• Distinguishing amines: Hinsberg (sulphonamide solubility), reaction with $HNO_2$, carbylamine (1$^\circ$ only).
• Diazonium (Sandmeyer/Gattermann): $ArN_2^+ \to ArCl/ArBr/ArCN$ ($CuX$); $\to ArI$ (KI); $\to ArF$ (Balz-Schiemann); $\to ArOH$ (warm water); $\to ArH$ ($H_3PO_2$).
• Coupling with phenol/aniline gives azo dyes (at the para position).
• Basicity of substituted anilines: electron-donating groups raise, electron-withdrawing lower.