Medium Practice — Set 1

Quick Recap — Concentration & Colligative Calculations

• $M=\dfrac{n}{V(L)}$, $m=\dfrac{n}{\text{kg solvent}}$; from mass %: $M=\dfrac{10\times\%(w/w)\times d}{\text{molar mass}}$.
• $\Delta T_b=iK_b m$, $\Delta T_f=iK_f m$, $\pi=iMRT$ (use $K_b=0.52$, $K_f=1.86$ for water; $R=0.0821$ L$\cdot$atm/mol$\cdot$K).
• Raoult: $p=p^\circ x_{solvent}$; $\dfrac{p^\circ-p}{p^\circ}=x_{solute}$.
• More particles (larger $i$) $\Rightarrow$ larger colligative effect.