Electronic Devices — Applied Electronics Practice (Hard)

Quick Recap — Applied Electronics (Multi-step)

• Diode circuits: subtract the diode drop, then use Ohm's law: $I=\dfrac{V_{supply}-V_{diode}}{R}$. In reverse bias treat the diode as open (no current).
• Zener regulator: the series resistor carries the total current; the Zener carries $I_Z=I_{total}-I_{load}$ and holds $V_{out}=V_Z$.
• Rectifier ripple: half-wave $=f$, full-wave/bridge $=2f$.
• Gate combinations: build a truth table input-by-input; NAND/NOR followed by inversion or feedback realises any function (e.g. NAND with tied inputs $=$ NOT).

Worked mini-example. A 10 V supply drives a load through a series 100 $\Omega$ resistor with a 5 V Zener across the load. The resistor current is $\dfrac{10-5}{100}=50$ mA.