Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration): परीक्षा में कैसे आता है
खंड-अ के व्याकरण वाले 40 प्रश्नों (प्रश्न 61 से 100) में Narration हर बार पूछा जाता है, आम तौर पर 4 से 6 प्रश्न। नियम ठीक से बैठ गए, तो ये 4 से 6 अंक आपके हाथ में हैं।
प्रश्न कैसे दिखते हैं: हर प्रश्न में एक वाक्य दिया होता है, और चार विकल्पों में से उसका दूसरा रूप चुनना होता है। दो तरह के प्रश्न लगभग बराबर संख्या में आते हैं:
| प्रश्न ऐसे छपता है | आपको क्या करना है | उत्तर कुछ ऐसा |
|---|---|---|
| Indirect speech of : He said, "I am ill." is | Direct से Indirect बनाना | He said that he was ill. |
| Direct speech of : He said that he was ill. is | Indirect से Direct बनाना (उलटी दिशा) | He said, "I am ill." |
परीक्षा में पाँचों तरह के वाक्य पूछे जाते हैं: साधारण कथन (assertive), प्रश्न (interrogative), आदेश या अनुरोध (imperative), विस्मय (exclamatory, Alas!, What a …!) और प्रार्थना या शुभकामना (optative, May God …)। इनमें सबसे ज़्यादा प्रश्न साधारण कथन और प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों से आते हैं। कुछ वाक्य थोड़े बदलाव के साथ बार-बार पूछे जाते हैं, जैसे He asked me if I knew him.
हल करने का तरीका, चार जाँच में: हर ग़लत विकल्प में कहीं एक गड़बड़ छिपी होती है। उसे पकड़ने के लिए विकल्पों को इसी क्रम में देखिए:
- Reporting verb का tense: प्रश्न में said है तो उत्तर में भी past (said, told, asked…) ही होगा। जिन विकल्पों में says, will say, can say, is saying हो, उन्हें वहीं काट दीजिए। कई प्रश्नों में एक-दो विकल्प इसी जाँच में निकल जाते हैं।
- Pronoun: I, you, my, your सही व्यक्ति के हिसाब से बदले हैं या नहीं।
- Tense: reported भाग का tense एक कदम पीछे (या Direct बनाते समय एक कदम आगे) गया है या नहीं।
- बाकी शब्द: now/then, here/there, tomorrow/the next day, और प्रश्न वाले वाक्य में शब्दों का क्रम।
आगे यही बातें एक-एक करके देखते हैं।
पहले दो शब्द समझ लीजिए
Ravi said, "I am hungry."
- Reporting verb: उद्धरण चिह्न (" ") के बाहर वाली क्रिया, यहाँ said। बाकी सारे बदलाव इसी से तय होते हैं।
- Reported speech: उद्धरण चिह्न के अंदर के शब्द, यहाँ I am hungry। ये बोलने वाले के अपने शब्द हैं।
Direct speech में बोलने वाले के शब्द ज्यों-के-त्यों उद्धरण चिह्न में रहते हैं। Indirect speech में वही बात हम अपने शब्दों में बताते हैं। उद्धरण चिह्न हट जाते हैं, बीच में कोई जोड़ने वाला शब्द (that, if, whether, what, where, to…) आ जाता है, और pronoun, tense तथा समय-स्थान के शब्द बदल जाते हैं।
Direct: Ravi said, "I am hungry."
Indirect: Ravi said that he was hungry.
सबसे पहला नियम: reporting verb present या future में हो (says, will say) तो reported speech का tense नहीं बदलता। now, today, here जैसे शब्द भी वैसे ही रहते हैं। बदलते हैं तो बस pronoun, और उनके हिसाब से verb का रूप (I am → he is, I want → she wants)।
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He says, "I am going to the market now." | He says that he is going to the market now. |
| She says, "I am a bit busy today." | She says that she is a bit busy today. |
| He will say, "I know her." | He will say that he knows her. |
Reporting verb past में हो (said, told, asked) तो आगे बताए सारे बदलाव लगते हैं। बोर्ड के ज़्यादातर प्रश्न इसी तरह के हैं।
Tense कैसे बदलता है (reporting verb past में हो तो)
नियम एक वाक्य का है: reported speech का tense एक कदम पीछे खिसक जाता है।
| Direct में | Indirect में | उदाहरण (Direct → Indirect) |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple (play, eats) | Past Simple (played, ate) | "I play football." → he played football |
| Present Continuous (am/is/are going) | Past Continuous (was/were going) | "I am going." → he was going |
| Present Perfect (have/has made) | Past Perfect (had made) | "I have made a kite." → he had made a kite |
| Past Simple (went, did) | Past Perfect (had gone, had done) | "I went home." → he had gone home |
| Past Continuous (was going) | Past Perfect Continuous (had been going) | "I was reading." → he had been reading |
| will / shall | would | "I will come." → he would come |
| can | could | "Where can I get a book?" → where he could get a book |
| may | might | "I may be late." → she might be late |
| must | had to (या must) | "I must go." → he had to go |
जो नहीं बदलते: might, could, would, should, ought to Indirect में भी जैसे-के-तैसे रहते हैं।
Raman said, "I might meet him." → Raman said that he might meet him.
सदा सत्य बात (universal truth): "The sun rises in the east." जैसी बात reporting verb past हो, तब भी present में ही रहती है: The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
उलटी दिशा (Indirect → Direct): यही तालिका दाएँ से बाएँ पढ़िए: was going → am/is going, had made → have made, would → will (I के साथ shall भी, जो पुराना British चलन है), could → can, knew → know।
Pronoun कैसे बदलते हैं
Pronoun बदलने से पहले यह तय कीजिए: कौन किससे बात कर रहा है? इतना साफ़ हो गया, तो pronoun ख़ुद ठीक बैठ जाते हैं।
| Reported speech में | Indirect में किसके हिसाब से बदलेगा | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| First person (I, me, my, we, our) | कहने वाले (reporting verb के subject) के अनुसार | He said, "I have made a kite." → he had made a kite |
| Second person (you, your) | सुनने वाले (reporting verb के object) के अनुसार | He told her, "I want to meet your father." → her father |
| Third person (he, she, it, they) | नहीं बदलता | Raman said, "I might meet him." → he might meet him |
एक उदाहरण पूरा देखिए: He told her, "I want to meet your father."
- I कहने वाला है (He), इसलिए → he
- your सुनने वाली है (her), इसलिए → her
- सही: He told her that he wanted to meet her father.
अगर सुनने वाला me हो (He said to me, "You are late."), तो you → I बनेगा: He told me that I was late.
उलटी दिशा में भी यही सोच: He asked me if I knew him. यहाँ He बोल रहा है और मैं सुन रहा हूँ। इसलिए him (कहने वाला) → me, और I (सुनने वाला) → you: He said to me, "Do you know me?"
समय और स्थान के शब्द
Reporting verb past हो तो पास के समय और जगह वाले शब्द "दूर" वाले रूप में बदल जाते हैं, क्योंकि बात अब किसी और दिन, किसी और जगह दोहराई जा रही है।
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
| last week (night, year) | the previous week / the week before |
| next week | the following week |
| ago | before |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| here | there |
He said, "I went home yesterday." → He said that he had gone home the previous day.
She said to him, "Why don't you go today?" → She asked him why he did not go that day.
उलटी दिशा: Indirect में the next day दिखे तो Direct में tomorrow लिखिए, there दिखे तो here, और that day दिखे तो today।
She asked me what I was doing there. → She said to me, "What are you doing here?"
पाँच तरह के वाक्य और उनके नियम
1. साधारण कथन (Assertive)
- said वैसे ही रहता है, पर said to + व्यक्ति → told + व्यक्ति
- जोड़ने वाला शब्द: that
I said to him, "You are not working hard." → I told him that he was not working hard.
2. प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative)
- said / said to → asked (या enquired of)
- that नहीं लगता, और प्रश्नचिह्न (?) हट जाता है
- प्रश्न का क्रम सामान्य वाक्य जैसा हो जाता है: subject पहले, फिर verb
| प्रश्न का प्रकार | जोड़ने वाला शब्द | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| हाँ/ना वाला (Is, Are, Do, Did, Have, Can… से शुरू) | if / whether | He said to the girl, "Did you do this?" → He asked the girl if she had done that. |
| Wh- वाला (What, Why, Where, Who, How…) | वही wh- शब्द | I said to him, "Why are you working so hard?" → I asked him why he was working so hard. |
सबसे ज़्यादा ग़लती शब्दों के क्रम में होती है: asked him why was he working ग़लत है, asked him why he was working सही। इसी तरह asked me who my best friend was सही है, who was my best friend नहीं।
3. आदेश, अनुरोध, सलाह (Imperative)
- said to की जगह भाव के अनुसार verb: ordered / commanded (आदेश), requested (Please वाला अनुरोध), advised (सलाह), asked / told (सामान्य)
- verb से पहले to लगता है, और मना करने वाले वाक्य (Don't / Do not) में not to
- Please हट जाता है, उसका भाव requested में आ जाता है
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| Rohan said to me, "Please give me a book." | Rohan requested me to give him a book. |
| She said to her daughter, "Study well." | She advised her daughter to study well. |
| He said to the boy, "Don't sit here." | He asked the boy not to sit there. |
| He said to the boy, "Do not play in the sun." | He forbade the boy to play in the sun. |
forbade (मना किया) में "मना" का भाव पहले से है, इसलिए उसके साथ not नहीं जोड़ा जाता: forbade him to play, न कि forbade him not to play।
4. विस्मय (Exclamatory)
- said → exclaimed with joy / sorrow / surprise (भाव देखकर)
- Alas! → exclaimed with sorrow, और Hurrah! → exclaimed with joy
- What a / How वाला वाक्य साधारण कथन बन जाता है, और साथ में very आता है
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| He said, "Alas! I am ruined." | He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined. |
| He said, "What a cold day it is!" | He exclaimed that it was a very cold day. |
5. प्रार्थना और शुभकामना (Optative)
- May God …! → prayed that God might …
- May you …! → wished (that) … might … (आशीर्वाद हो तो prayed that … might भी चलता है)
- Congratulations! → congratulated, और Good morning → wished good morning
| Direct | Indirect |
|---|---|
| She said, "May God save him!" | She prayed that God might save him. |
| She said to me, "May you be happy!" | She wished that I might be happy. |
| The teacher said to Satish, "Congratulations! Wish you success in life!" | The teacher congratulated Satish and wished him success in life. |
Indirect से Direct बनाना
बोर्ड के लगभग आधे प्रश्न उलटी दिशा के होते हैं, यानी Indirect वाक्य देकर Direct रूप पूछा जाता है। इनमें अब तक पढ़े नियम उलटे लगाइए:
| Indirect में दिखे | Direct में लिखिए |
|---|---|
| told + व्यक्ति that | said to + व्यक्ति, "…" |
| asked + व्यक्ति if/whether | said to + व्यक्ति, "Do/Did/Have/Is …?" |
| asked + व्यक्ति why/where/what | said to + व्यक्ति, "Why/Where/What + helping verb + subject …?" |
| ordered/commanded/asked + व्यक्ति to | said to + व्यक्ति, "(verb) …" |
| advised me not to | said to me, "Don't …" |
| requested + व्यक्ति to | said to + व्यक्ति, "Please …" |
| prayed that God might | said, "May God …!" |
| exclaimed that it was a very … | said, "What a …!" |
उत्तर चुनने से पहले तीन बातें देखिए:
- Reporting verb का tense वही रहे जो दिए गए वाक्य में है। told / asked / said हो तो Direct में said (या said to), और says हो तो says। उसके बाद अल्पविराम (,) और उद्धरण चिह्न आते हैं। said that, "…" ग़लत है, क्योंकि Direct में that नहीं लगता।
- प्रश्न हो तो उद्धरण चिह्न के अंदर प्रश्न का क्रम लौट आता है: Why are you sad?, न कि Why you are sad?
- Pronoun उलटिए: कहने वाले के लिए I/me/my, सुनने वाले के लिए you/your।
Ramesh asked me where I was going. → Ramesh said to me, "Where are you going?"
The captain commanded his men to stand at ease. → The captain said to his men, "Stand at ease."
बोर्ड के ग़लत विकल्प किन ग़लतियों से बनते हैं
- Reporting verb का tense बदल देना। प्रश्न में said है और विकल्प में says, will say, can say, is saying, तो वह विकल्प सीधे ग़लत है, बाकी वाक्य कितना भी सही दिखे।
- told के साथ to लगाना। told to him ग़लत है, told him सही। उलटे, said him ग़लत है और said to him सही।
- enquired के बाद सीधा object। He enquired me नहीं चलता। He enquired of me या He asked me लिखिए।
- Indirect में उद्धरण चिह्न या प्रश्नचिह्न बचा रह जाना। He requested if I could repeat the question please? जैसा विकल्प इसी कारण ग़लत है।
- प्रश्न में that लगाना। He asked the girl that she did that ग़लत है। हाँ/ना वाले प्रश्न में if/whether आता है।
- Reported प्रश्न में प्रश्नवाचक क्रम रखना। asked him why was he working ग़लत है, why he was working सही।
- आधा ही बदलाव करना। He said that he had gone home yesterday में tense बदल गया, पर yesterday वैसा ही रह गया। She asked him why he did not go today में भी यही चूक है।
- Pronoun ग़लत व्यक्ति से जोड़ना। He told her that he wanted to meet your father में your नहीं बदला। सही है her father।
- ग़लत verb रूप। Did you knew, Do you known, to studying, Don't going जैसे रूप हर हाल में ग़लत हैं। did/do के बाद verb का मूल रूप (know) आता है, और to के बाद भी मूल रूप (to study)।
- to और not का क्रम। परीक्षा में to not play नहीं, not to play लिखिए।
हल किए हुए प्रश्न
हर प्रश्न पर वही चार जाँच लगाइए (reporting verb, pronoun, tense, बाकी शब्द), उत्तर तय कीजिए, फिर नीचे का हल मिलाइए।
प्रश्न 1. Indirect speech of : Neha said, "I am learning French." is
(A) Neha said that I was learning French
(B) Neha said that she is learning French
(C) Neha said that she was learning French
(D) Neha says that she was learning French
उत्तर: (C) Neha said that she was learning French
Reporting verb said past में है, इसलिए am learning → was learning। I ख़ुद Neha है, तो वह she बनेगा। (B) में tense वैसा ही रह गया, और (D) में reporting verb ही बदल दी गई।
प्रश्न 2. Indirect speech of : The doctor says to me, "You must rest." is
(A) The doctor tells me that I must rest
(B) The doctor told me that I had to rest
(C) The doctor tells me that you must rest
(D) The doctor says to me that he must rest
उत्तर: (A) The doctor tells me that I must rest
Reporting verb says present में है, इसलिए must नहीं बदलेगा। says to me → tells me, और You (सुनने वाला, मैं) → I। (B) में reporting verb को past कर दिया गया है, जबकि प्रश्न में वह present है।
प्रश्न 3. Indirect speech of : Father said to me, "Have you taken your medicine?" is
(A) Father asked me that I had taken my medicine
(B) Father asked me if I had taken my medicine
(C) Father asked me if I have taken my medicine
(D) Father told me if had I taken my medicine
उत्तर: (B) Father asked me if I had taken my medicine
हाँ/ना वाला प्रश्न है, इसलिए said to → asked और जोड़ने वाला शब्द if। साथ में have taken → had taken और you/your → I/my। (A) ग़लत है, क्योंकि प्रश्न को जोड़ने में that नहीं आता।
प्रश्न 4. Indirect speech of : The stranger said to the boy, "Where is the post office?" is
(A) The stranger asked the boy where was the post office
(B) The stranger told the boy where the post office was
(C) The stranger asked the boy that where the post office was
(D) The stranger asked the boy where the post office was
उत्तर: (D) The stranger asked the boy where the post office was
Wh- प्रश्न में वही wh- शब्द (where) जोड़ने का काम करता है, और क्रम सामान्य वाक्य जैसा हो जाता है: where the post office was (subject पहले, verb बाद में)। (A) में प्रश्न वाला क्रम बचा रह गया, और (C) में that फ़ालतू है।
प्रश्न 5. Indirect speech of : Seema said to her brother, "Please lend me your pen." is
(A) Seema requested her brother to lend her his pen
(B) Seema requested her brother to lend me your pen
(C) Seema ordered her brother to lend her his pen
(D) Seema requested her brother that lend her his pen
उत्तर: (A) Seema requested her brother to lend her his pen
Please है, तो requested … to आएगा। me (Seema) → her और your (भाई) → his। (C) का ordered अनुरोध वाले भाव से मेल नहीं खाता।
प्रश्न 6. Indirect speech of : The teacher said to the students, "Don't make a noise." is
(A) The teacher ordered the students to not making a noise
(B) The teacher ordered the students not to make a noise
(C) The teacher said the students not to make a noise
(D) The teacher ordered the students that don't make a noise
उत्तर: (B) The teacher ordered the students not to make a noise
यह मना करने वाला आदेश है, इसलिए ordered … not to + verb का मूल रूप। (C) में said the students ग़लत है: वहाँ said to चाहिए था, या फिर told/ordered।
प्रश्न 7. Indirect speech of : Rahul said, "What a beautiful garden it is!" is
(A) Rahul exclaimed with sorrow that it was a very beautiful garden
(B) Rahul asked what a beautiful garden it was
(C) Rahul exclaimed that it was a very beautiful garden
(D) Rahul exclaimed that it is a very beautiful garden
उत्तर: (C) Rahul exclaimed that it was a very beautiful garden
What a …! वाला वाक्य Indirect में साधारण कथन बन जाता है, साथ में very आता है और is → was। सुंदर बगीचे में दुख की कोई बात नहीं, इसलिए (A) ग़लत है। (D) में tense नहीं बदला।
प्रश्न 8. Indirect speech of : My grandmother said to me, "May God bless you!" is
(A) My grandmother prayed that God may bless me
(B) My grandmother prayed that God might bless you
(C) My grandmother ordered that God might bless me
(D) My grandmother prayed that God might bless me
उत्तर: (D) My grandmother prayed that God might bless me
May God …! → prayed that God might …। you सुनने वाला है, यहाँ मैं, इसलिए वह me बनेगा। (A) में may वैसा ही रह गया, और (B) में you नहीं बदला।
प्रश्न 9. Direct speech of : Anil told me that he had lost his watch. is
(A) Anil said to me, "I have lost my watch."
(B) Anil said to me, "He has lost his watch."
(C) Anil says to me, "I have lost my watch."
(D) Anil said to me that, "I have lost my watch."
उत्तर: (A) Anil said to me, "I have lost my watch."
told me → said to me, had lost → have lost, और he/his (Anil ख़ुद) → I/my। (B) में pronoun नहीं लौटे, (C) में says आ गया, और (D) में Direct के साथ that लगा दिया गया।
प्रश्न 10. Direct speech of : The teacher asked us why we were late. is
(A) The teacher said to us, "Why you are late?"
(B) The teacher said to us, "Why are you late?"
(C) The teacher said to us, "Why were we late?"
(D) The teacher told us, "Why are you late?"
उत्तर: (B) The teacher said to us, "Why are you late?"
Direct में प्रश्न का क्रम लौट आता है: Why are you late? we (सुनने वाले) → you, और were → are। (A) में क्रम सामान्य वाक्य वाला ही रह गया, और (D) में Direct के साथ told ठीक नहीं बैठता।
प्रश्न 11. Direct speech of : Mother told me to close the window. is
(A) Mother said to me, "Close the window."
(B) Mother said to me, "You closed the window."
(C) Mother says to me, "Close the window."
(D) Mother said to me, "Please close the window?"
उत्तर: (A) Mother said to me, "Close the window."
told me to + verb आदेश है, इसलिए Direct वाक्य सीधे verb से शुरू होगा: Close the window. (D) में Please और प्रश्नचिह्न, दोनों मूल वाक्य में थे ही नहीं।
प्रश्न 12. Indirect speech of : He said, "I will go to Patna tomorrow." is
(A) He said that he will go to Patna tomorrow
(B) He said that he would go to Patna tomorrow
(C) He said that he would go to Patna the next day
(D) He said that I would go to Patna the next day
उत्तर: (C) He said that he would go to Patna the next day
यहाँ तीन बदलाव एक साथ हैं: I → he, will → would, tomorrow → the next day। (B) में tomorrow रह गया, इसलिए वह आधा ही सही है।