अपठित गद्यांश: बोर्ड के गद्यांशों का अभ्यास

कहानी वाले और जानकारी वाले गद्यांश

बोर्ड के गद्यांश मोटे तौर पर दो तरह के होते हैं, और दोनों को पढ़ने का ढंग थोड़ा अलग है।

सीख (lesson) वाले प्रश्न: कहानी के अंत में What lesson do you get from the story? जैसा प्रश्न आ सकता है। सीख प्रायः गद्यांश के आख़िरी एक-दो वाक्यों में होती है। उसे अपने सरल शब्दों में लिखिए, जैसे inevitable की जगह certain।

"Why" वाले प्रश्न: उत्तर में because आना चाहिए। कारण गद्यांश में so, because, as, therefore जैसे शब्दों के आसपास मिलता है। कहीं कारण सीधे न लिखा हो तो पास के वाक्यों को जोड़कर कारण बनाइए। गद्यांश 7 में यही करना पड़ा है।

समय: परीक्षा में एक गद्यांश को लगभग 15 से 20 मिनट दीजिए। आगे के 6 गद्यांश भी घड़ी देखकर हल कीजिए, उसके बाद उत्तर मिलाइए।

गद्यांश 5: Jahanara Begum: पिता की सेवा

जीवन-प्रसंग

One day the old emperor Shah Jahan became ill. His son Aurangzeb, who always wanted to be the emperor, put his father in a jail. Jahanara Begum, the eldest child of Shah Jahan, did not leave her father and went to jail along with him. She said, "I shall share the suffering of my father. He needs me in his old age, and I shall never leave him." Shah Jahan spent seven years in jail before dying. During that period, Princess Jahanara stayed there and took care of him. After the death of her father, she returned to her own palace and continued to live there till her death. Before her death, however, she gave away all she had to the needy and the poor. Upon her death, Aurangzeb gave her the posthumous title : Sahibat-uz-Zamani (mistress of age).

प्रश्न (i). Who was the eldest child of Shah Jahan? (1 अंक)

उत्तर:

Jahanara Begum was the eldest child of Shah Jahan.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: तीसरा वाक्य, Jahanara Begum, the eldest child of Shah Jahan…

प्रश्न (ii). What did Aurangzeb do when his father became ill? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

When Shah Jahan became ill, Aurangzeb put him in a jail. He did this because he always wanted to be the emperor.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: दूसरा वाक्य। प्रश्न बस इतना पूछता है कि Aurangzeb ने क्या किया, पर उसी वाक्य के who always wanted to be the emperor से कारण भी मिल जाता है। यही उत्तर की दूसरी बात बना।

प्रश्न (iii). Who decided to look after Shah Jahan and why? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

Jahanara Begum decided to look after Shah Jahan. She wanted to share her father's suffering because he needed her in his old age.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: प्रश्न के दो हिस्से हैं। who का उत्तर Jahanara है, और why का उत्तर उसकी अपनी कही बात में है: I shall share the suffering of my father. He needs me in his old age.

प्रश्न (iv). What did Jahanara do before her death? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

After her father's death, Jahanara lived in her own palace. Before her death, she gave away all she had to the needy and the poor.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: आख़िर से दूसरा वाक्य, Before her death, however, she gave away all she had to the needy and the poor. Posthumous title का अर्थ है मृत्यु के बाद दिया गया सम्मान, इसलिए उसे इस उत्तर में मत लिखिए।

गद्यांश 6: पक्षियों की लंबी यात्रा

प्रकृति

One of the greatest mysteries of bird life is travelling. Every year during autumn and early winter, birds travel from northern regions of Asia, Europe and America to the southern warmer lands. They make the return journey again during spring and early summer. They are punctual unless they are delayed by bad weather. They face many dangers and hardships while travelling long distance through the air, over hills, forests, plains and large stretches of water. Sometimes sudden storms arise and drive them far out of their course. Often they are blown right out to sea and are drowned in the wild waves. At night bright lights attract and confuse the birds. They cannot fly at their fastest. The migration speed is usually from 48 to 64 km an hour and rarely exceeds 80.

प्रश्न (i). When do the birds travel from northern regions to southern warmer lands? (1 अंक)

उत्तर:

The birds travel from northern regions to southern warmer lands every year during autumn and early winter.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: दूसरा वाक्य, Every year during autumn and early winter… Autumn पतझड़ का मौसम है। every year भी उत्तर में रखिए।

प्रश्न (ii). What danger do they face when they are flying over the sea? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

Sudden storms may drive the birds far out of their course. Often they are blown right out to sea and are drowned in the wild waves.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: Sometimes sudden storms arise… और Often they are blown right out to sea… वाले दो वाक्य। course का अर्थ है उड़ान का रास्ता।

प्रश्न (iii). What happens at night when the birds see the lights? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

At night bright lights attract the birds. The lights also confuse them.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: At night bright lights attract and confuse the birds. एक ही वाक्य में दो क्रियाएँ हैं, attract और confuse। 2 अंक के लिए दोनों को अलग-अलग लिखिए।

प्रश्न (iv). When do the birds make their return journey? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

The birds make their return journey during spring and early summer. They are punctual unless bad weather delays them.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: तीसरा और चौथा वाक्य। Punctual का अर्थ है समय के पक्के। दूसरी बात यह है कि उन्हें देर केवल ख़राब मौसम से होती है।

गद्यांश 7: दो दोस्त और गाँव की आग

कहानी

In a village lived two friends, Rohan and Sohan. Rohan was lame and Sohan was blind. One day, a hut in the village caught fire and it spread all over the village. People began running away. The two friends also wanted to escape but Rohan could not run but only limp and Sohan could not see. They were afraid. Just then Sohan had an idea. He was strong. He took Rohan on his shoulders. Then Rohan guided him where to go. Soon the friends walked to safety.

प्रश्न (i). Who were Rohan and Sohan? (1 अंक)

उत्तर:

Rohan and Sohan were two friends in a village; Rohan was lame and Sohan was blind.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: पहले दो वाक्य। Lame का अर्थ लँगड़ा और blind का अर्थ अंधा है। प्रश्न 1 अंक का है, फिर भी दोनों की पहचान एक ही वाक्य में लिखी जा सकती है।

प्रश्न (ii). What happened in the village one day? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

One day a hut in the village caught fire, and the fire spread all over the village. People began running away.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: तीसरा और चौथा वाक्य। कहानी की घटना है, इसलिए उत्तर past tense में ही रहेगा: caught, spread, began।

प्रश्न (iii). Why were Rohan and Sohan sad and afraid? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

Rohan and Sohan were sad and afraid because the fire was spreading all over the village and they could not run away like the others. Rohan could only limp, and Sohan could not see.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: गद्यांश में बस They were afraid है, पर प्रश्न sad and afraid पूछता है, तो उत्तर में दोनों शब्द रखिए। because भी कहीं नहीं लिखा, इसलिए कारण पास के वाक्यों से जोड़ना पड़ा: आग फैल रही थी, Rohan दौड़ नहीं सकता था और Sohan देख नहीं सकता था।

प्रश्न (iv). How did the friends walk to safety? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

Sohan was strong, so he took Rohan on his shoulders. Rohan guided him where to go, and soon they walked to safety.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: आख़िरी चार छोटे वाक्य। Sohan ने Rohan को कंधे पर उठाया और रास्ता Rohan ने बताया। नाम उलट देने की गलती बहुत होती है, लिखकर एक बार मिला लीजिए।

गद्यांश 8: किसान और शैतान

कहानी

There was a pious peasant in Russia, satisfied with his limited means. Once an imp stole his only piece of bread. The peasant drank a glassful of water and felt happy. The imp got irritated. He disguised himself and worked with the peasant as his servant. On his advice the peasant produced good crop. The imp then instigated him to prepare wine from the surplus corn. The peasant did so. He invited his friends and began to make merry. Under the effect of intoxication, the peasant lost good senses. He abused his beloved wife and quarrelled with his friends. He fell into mud and grunted like a pig. It's true ; when you have limited means, the animal within you is under control. If you possess means or power more than your needs, you get corrupt and your fall is inevitable.

प्रश्न (i). What sort of man was the peasant? (1 अंक)

उत्तर:

The peasant was a pious man who was satisfied with his limited means.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: पहला वाक्य। Pious का अर्थ है धार्मिक और नेक। Limited means का अर्थ है थोड़े साधन।

प्रश्न (ii). What did the imp advise him? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

The imp, working as his servant, advised him how to grow a good crop. Then he urged him to prepare wine from the surplus corn.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: On his advice the peasant produced good crop. The imp then instigated him to prepare wine… Instigate का मतलब उकसाना है, और surplus corn का मतलब ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा अनाज। उत्तर में instigated की जगह आसान शब्द urged लिखा गया है।

प्रश्न (iii). Why did the peasant abuse his beloved wife? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

The peasant made wine and began to make merry with his friends. Under the effect of intoxication he lost his good senses, so he abused his beloved wife.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: Under the effect of intoxication, the peasant lost good senses. He abused his beloved wife… Intoxication का अर्थ है नशा। यही कारण है।

प्रश्न (iv). What lesson do you get from the story? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

When we have limited means, the animal within us stays under control. But if we have more means or power than we need, we become corrupt and our fall is certain.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: सीख आख़िरी दो वाक्यों में है। उत्तर में inevitable की जगह आसान शब्द certain आया है, और you की जगह we, क्योंकि सीख सबके लिए है।

गद्यांश 9: नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा (Renewable Energy)

विज्ञान

The concept of renewable energy has gained significant attention in recent years to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and combat climate change. Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal and biomass are examples of renewable energy sources. These sources are considered renewable because they can be replenished naturally, unlike fossil fuels, which take millions of years to form and are finite. One of the main advantages of renewable energy is that it is environmentally friendly. Renewable energy sources do not produce greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change. They also do not produce harmful air pollutants like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.

प्रश्न (i). What is renewable energy? (1 अंक)

उत्तर:

Renewable energy is energy from sources that can be replenished naturally, unlike fossil fuels.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: तीसरा वाक्य, they can be replenished naturally, unlike fossil fuels… Replenish का मतलब है फिर से भर जाना। सीधी परिभाषा गद्यांश में नहीं है, इसलिए renewable कहे जाने का कारण ही परिभाषा बना है।

प्रश्न (ii). What are the examples of renewable energy sources? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal and biomass are examples of renewable energy sources. They can be replenished naturally.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: दूसरा वाक्य। सूची पूछी जाए तो पाँचों नाम लिखिए। एक-दो छूट गए तो अंक कट सकते हैं।

प्रश्न (iii). What is the main advantage of renewable energy? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

The main advantage of renewable energy is that it is environmentally friendly. It does not produce greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: One of the main advantages… वाला वाक्य और उसके ठीक बाद का वाक्य। Environmentally friendly का अर्थ है पर्यावरण के लिए अच्छा, और अगला वाक्य बताता है कि ऐसा क्यों है।

प्रश्न (iv). Give two examples of harmful air pollutants. (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are two examples of harmful air pollutants.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: आख़िरी वाक्य। ऐसे वैज्ञानिक नामों की spelling पर ख़ास ध्यान दीजिए: sulphur dioxide और nitrogen oxide गद्यांश से देखकर लिखिए।

गद्यांश 10: घर का काम और स्त्रियाँ

समाज

Even in the modern society, girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children. This is reflected in the gender division of labour in most families. Women do all the work inside the home such as cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, looking after children etc. And men do all the work outside the home. It is the mindset that men are not going to do the household work. The result of this is that although women constitute roughly half of the population, their role in public life is minimal in most societies.

प्रश्न (i). What are girls brought up to believe? (1 अंक)

उत्तर:

Girls are brought up to believe that the main responsibility of women is housework and bringing up children.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: पहला वाक्य। brought up to believe प्रश्न में भी है और गद्यांश में भी, इसी से सही वाक्य तुरंत मिल जाता है।

प्रश्न (ii). What kind of work does a woman do? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

A woman does all the work inside the home. She cooks, cleans, washes clothes and looks after the children.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: तीसरा वाक्य। गद्यांश में cooking, cleaning… जैसी सूची है। उत्तर में इसे She cooks, cleans… बनाकर पूरा वाक्य लिखा गया है।

प्रश्न (iii). What is the mindset of the general public? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

People think that women should do the work inside the home. They believe that men are not going to do the household work.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: It is the mindset that men are not going to do the household work. Mindset का अर्थ है सोच। उत्तर का पहला वाक्य दूसरे वाक्य के gender division of labour और तीसरे वाक्य को मिलाकर बना है।

प्रश्न (iv). What is minimal in most societies? (2 अंक)

उत्तर:

The role of women in public life is minimal in most societies. This is true even though women make up roughly half of the population.

गद्यांश में कहाँ: आख़िरी वाक्य। Minimal का अर्थ है बहुत कम। कठिन शब्द constitute की जगह उत्तर में make up लिखा गया है।

बोर्ड के दूसरे गद्यांशों के विषय: अभ्यास के लिए

हल किए गए 10 गद्यांशों के अलावा बोर्ड परीक्षा में ये विषय भी आ चुके हैं। इनमें से किसी पर भी गद्यांश आए, तरीका वही रहेगा।

अभ्यास का एक तरीका: अख़बार या अपनी किसी किताब से 80 से 120 शब्द का कोई अनुच्छेद चुनिए। उस पर ख़ुद चार प्रश्न बनाइए, एक 1 अंक का और तीन 2 अंक के। फिर उनके उत्तर पूरे वाक्यों में लिखिए। ख़ुद प्रश्न बनाने पर समझ आने लगता है कि परीक्षक किस वाक्य से उत्तर चाहता है।