Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

The toolkit and workflow of genetic engineering - a high-yield NEET chapter (typically 3-5 questions/year). It covers the principles of biotechnology (genetic engineering / recombinant DNA technology and bioprocess engineering); the tools of recombinant DNA technology - restriction enzymes (the 'molecular scissors', their nomenclature, palindromes and sticky ends), cloning vectors (plasmids such as pBR322, origin of replication, selectable markers and insertional inactivation; the Ti plasmid and other vectors) and the competent host; and the processes of recombinant DNA technology - isolation of DNA, cutting with restriction enzymes, separation by gel electrophoresis, amplification by PCR, insertion into a host, and obtaining the foreign gene product in bioreactors followed by downstream processing. Six graded practice sets - two Easy, two Medium, one Hard and one NEET previous-year set - each opening with comprehensive NCERT-anchored notes covering 100% of the current syllabus, followed by single-correct MCQs with full explanations.