Manufacturing Industries

This chapter studies manufacturing — the production of goods in large quantities from raw materials — which forms the backbone of economic development. It explains the importance of manufacturing, how industries are classified (by source of raw material, role, capital, ownership and bulk), and the factors that determine where industries are located. It then describes India's major industries in detail: the agro-based cotton textile, jute textile and sugar industries; the mineral-based iron and steel, aluminium, chemical, fertiliser and cement industries; and the automobile and information-technology industries. Finally, it examines the serious industrial pollution of air, water, land and noise, and the measures needed to control environmental degradation. It is a fact-rich and highly scoring chapter of the Class 10 Geography (Contemporary India II) Board syllabus.